On the other hand, adipocytes recruit and activate macrophages through a CCL2/IL-1β/CXCL12 signaling pathway, and activated macrophages in turn promote stromal vascularization and angiogenesis.259,260 Notably, the survival time of patients with breast cancer who are treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is not extended. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and breast cancer.