LEP and cancer: Firstly, white adipocytes fuel tumor growth by providing nutrients like FAs and glutamine.218,219 Secondly, inflammatory adipokines secreted by WAT, such as IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin, can influence STAT3, AKT, JNK, and MEK/ERK signal pathways in cancer cells directly, consequently upregulating the expression of proliferation and invasion-related genes.220–222 Finally, adipocytes are also involved in building a beneficial microenvironment for cancer cells.