Finally, although we suspect that the hyperactivation of autophagy may be relatively specific to GBM, there is interesting promise that the combination of IM + anti-VEGF (± immune-checkpoint blockade) could have broader applicability, as illustrated by our finding that imipramine also promotes CD8 T cell influx in a mouse model of BRAF-induced melanoma. Here, VEGFA is linked to glioblastoma.