Patients with CKD have low-grade inflammatory reactions similar to that seen in most chronic illnesses, as seen by higher echelons of pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) [49]. Here, TNF is linked to chronic kidney disease.