Despite their significant cost and lack of predictive biomarkers for patient selection, pembrolizumab and nivolumab have been approved by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence for use within the cancer drugs fund, as first-line treatment for PDL-1 positive (>50% tumor staining) advanced-stage NSCLC (Jones and Baldwin, 2018), and nivolumab was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for recurrent SCLC (Yang et al., 2019a). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and cancer.