INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: ML extracts increase insulin sensitivity by regulating branched-chain amino acid metabolism and modulating the mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways, thereby reducing BCAA synthesis and increasing fat mobilization as well as BAT thermogenesis to improve the T2D symptoms (Luetscher, 1942; Felig et al., 1969; Felig et al., 1974).