Moreover, the protein expression p-Smad2/3 and a-SMA of tumor tissue in Rg3-Lp and Rg3-Lp/DTX group was obviously lower than that in C-Lp/DTX group, indicating that Rg3 can effectively inhibit the conversion to CAFs via tumor TGF-β secretion and TGF-β/Smad signaling suppression (Fig. 5G and Additional file 1: Fig. S10). The gene discussed is SMAD2; the disease is neoplasm.