INS and Insulin resistance: Therefore, the fasting blood glucose level of rats was measured using an ACCU-CHEK active blood glucose meter (Roche Diabetes Care GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and beta cell function percent (HOMA-B) index were calculated as follows: HOMA-IR = fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) × fasting insulin concentration (mU/L)/22.5; HOMA-B = 20 × fasting insulin concentration (mIU/L)/[fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) − 3.5].