Our previous studies have confirmed that L. plantarum could improve acute liver injury in mice induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with d-galactosamine and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by HFD, which was related to the inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway19,20. Here, NFKB1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.