Similarly, and consistent with previous reports5,14, we report significantly higher FOXP3+ lymphocytes abundance (number of FOXP3+ lymphocytes/total number of lymphocytes) in IDC than in synchronous DCIS regions of the IDC/DCIS samples (p = 3.8e–6), indicating a preferential localization of FOXP3+ lymphocytes to the invasive components in IDC/DCIS (Fig. 4c). The gene discussed is FOXP3; the disease is ductal breast carcinoma in situ.