Consistent with observation in invasive ductal carcinoma that high numbers of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) relative to CD8+ T cells predicts decreased progression-free survival and overall survival3,6, an increase in the numbers of FOXP3+ Tregs or a decrease in CD8/FOXP3 ratio in DCIS are associated with increased recurrence risk3,6,7. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is invasive ductal breast carcinoma.