IL4 and cancer: Also, most of these previous studies focused on TSLP-Th2 mechanisms in cancer through the implication of Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 (10, 46) — as well as Th2-related cells, including basophils, eosinophils, and M2 macrophages (8, 47, 48) — whereas only a few reported a Th2-independent role of TSLP, such as on B cell precursors in lung metastasis (49).