To examine the association between tissue-level NLR, stromal density/inflammation, and chemotherapy response (partial/complete [n=3], poor/absent [n=3]) in human PDAC tumors (Appendix 1—table 2) at single-cell resolution, pathologist-selected regions of interest (ROI) from each tumor section probed with metal ion-conjugated antibodies for pancytokeratin (PanCK:epithelial), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA:fibroblast), CD11b and CD15 (neutrophil), and CD3 and CD8 (T-cell) were laser-ablated, and atomized ions were acquired using time-of-flight mass cytometry (cyTOF) (Figure 4C). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.