TNF and cancer: Combination treatment led to enhanced cell death via autophagy. Autophagy accelerated via ROS-mediated MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways. Combination increased number of CD8+ T cells and decreased numbers of Treg and MDSCs in the tumour lesions. Combination enhanced systemic anti-cancer immunity by increasing the abundance of T cell populations expressing IFN-γ and TNF-α.