PPIA and HIV-1 infection: In a recent study, a CypA inhibitors, cyclosporine (CsA), and a non-immunosuppressive analog of CsA, SmBz-CsA could alter the CypA-CA affinity and elicit extreme antiviral activity in MDM, they also induce robust IFN-β production and completely inhibit HIV-1 infection (Li et al., 2009; Sumner et al., 2020).