S100B and HIV-1 infection: Additionally, the accessory protein, including Vpr, Vpu, Vif, Vpx, and Nef are packaged into the CA-derived core before its budding, to assist HIV in evading immune surveillance, which makes the proper core stability import for HIV-1 infection by keeping these accessory protein safely inside, and the host cell-dependent factors strictly binds to CA to counteract Trim5α for maintaining the stability of the viral structure (Rose et al., 2021).