Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) is a cytokine known to play a dual role in cancer; it often acts as a tumor suppressor in the earlier stages of disease due to its ability to inhibit cell proliferation while later promoting tumor progression in association with increased angiogenesis, EMT, immunosuppression and invasion (Bierie and Moses, 2006; Du et al., 2015; Hao et al., 2019). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.