TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Perhaps of more relevance in the context of obesity, however, increased levels of inflammatory CD11c+ macrophages were evident at d340 in the gonadal fat of male PBS-HCD, but not ES-62-HCD-, fed male mice (Figure 6J), with the protective effect of ES-62 correlating with a reduction in the mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNFα (Figures 6K, L) in this tissue.