H19 and glioblastoma: Reports have shown H19 to support TMZ resistance in GBM through different mechanisms, including catalyzation of EMT-related pathways.31,32,82 Studies have delineated the relationship between H19-associated TMZ resistance and the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κβ processes, two signaling cascades known to induce both TMZ inefficiency and EMT.31,32,83 TMZ-resistant GBM cells transfected with H19 shRNA had significantly lower half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for TMZ when compared to the control group.