In non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, stomach cancer, and other cancers, TAMs overexpress PD-L1 and CTLA-4, which leads to inhibition of the TCR-signaling pathway and promotes the formation of a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment (Egen et al., 2002; Hartley et al., 2018). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.