FOXO1 and cardiac hypertrophy: The dephosphorylation-mediated activation of the transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FOxO1), which plays an important role in uremic muscle atrophy, induces muscle atrophy as well as the transcriptional up-regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligase, cardiac hypertrophy, and fibrosis (Wang et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2012).