TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis: Reactive oxygen species are important downstream signaling factors for angiotensin II-mediated myocardial fibrosis; they can promote myocardial fibrosis by regulating TGF-β expression, which affects extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and induces autophagy, thereby contributing to differentiation and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts (Shi et al., 2015).