More interestingly, another study found that the expression of IL-1β in macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with RA-associated interstitial pneumonia (RA-UIP) was significantly up-regulated, suggesting the role of IL-1β in the pulmonary complications of RA (Shin et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.