Results demonstrated the ability of LL-LrcV to treat and prevent colitis in two murine models of acute disease.232 Moreover, L. lactis strains have been engineered to secrete neutralizing anti-TNF-α nanobodies (small and highly stable single-domain antibodies) that can block TNF-α pro-inflammatory effects and ameliorate DSS-induced colitis in mice.233 Although L. lactis has been most frequently used in IBD studies, genome editing experiments aimed at engineering other intestinal bacteria are still scarce. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.