TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Results demonstrated the ability of LL-LrcV to treat and prevent colitis in two murine models of acute disease.232 Moreover, L. lactis strains have been engineered to secrete neutralizing anti-TNF-α nanobodies (small and highly stable single-domain antibodies) that can block TNF-α pro-inflammatory effects and ameliorate DSS-induced colitis in mice.233 Although L. lactis has been most frequently used in IBD studies, genome editing experiments aimed at engineering other intestinal bacteria are still scarce.