IFNA2 and neoplasm: Second, IFN-α2b can stimulate the indirect effects including immunomodulatory effects on the tumour microenvironment, including enhanced proliferation, maturation and antigen presentation of immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages (Mφ) and natural killer (NK) cells, which strengthens the innate and adaptive immunity to causative agents and malignancy [43, 44].