Additionally, it was reported that some phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) enzyme inhibitors were found to be cytotoxic to cancer cells and combined with PDE3A to promote apoptosis independent of the canonical cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) hydrolysis activity of PDE3A [147, 148]. This evidence concerns the gene PDE3A and cancer.