TM4SF1 and cancer: Despite extremely high tumor heterogeneity, malignant cell markers such as MUC1, CEACAM5, S100A11, CD24, and TM4SF1 were relatively uniformly upregulated in cancer cells and had the potential to serve as targets for SBA diagnosis and treatment (Fig. 2b, c; Supplementary Fig. S4a–c, Tables S2–S5).