TNF and interstitial cystitis: In Interstitial Cystitis, damaged urothelium initiates production of the following inflammation cytokines and chemokines: stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), nerve growth factor (NGF) and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) [23,38,39].