However, when talking about DSS colitis, VPAC1 showed upregulation in murine colitis [88], and VPAC1 and VPAC2 knockout mice appear to have the reverse appearance: clinical symptoms are milder in VPAC1 knockout mice and more severe in VPAC2 knockout mice, which could be relieved by suppression of VPAC1 signals. The gene discussed is VIPR2; the disease is colitis.