Urine biomarker concentrations normalized to urine creatinine concentrations were similar before hospitalization in the AKI and non-AKI groups (Table 2), though the AKI group had borderline statistically significantly higher median pre-hospitalization MCP-1/Cr (223 pg/mg versus 196 pg/mg in the non-AKI group, p = 0.04 without adjustment for multiple hypothesis testing). Here, CCL2 is linked to acute kidney injury.