IL6 and post-traumatic stress disorder: While IL-6 is well known to be up-regulated in VILI [17, 18, 32, 34, 46], prior studies have also implicated increased IL-6 signaling in the pathogenesis of diverse neuropsychiatric impairments including, but not limited to, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, and psychotic disorders, each of which may contribute to the risk of acute exacerbation of VILI-induced neuropsychiatric impairments [16, 62–65].