CHRNA5 and lung carcinoma: Another example is rs8040868, a synonymous variant in the well-known CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster associated with nicotine dependence33, with 0.25 (CI 0.23–0.27) attributable DALYs (Fig. 2d), with effects through lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), aortic aneurysm, vascular intestinal disorders and lower extremity peripheral artery disease (all consequences of smoking).