CTSS and neoplasm: In addition, cathepsin activity assays conducted on tumor tissues revealed a significant decrease in CTSB and CTSD enzymatic activity in the elaiophylin treatment group, which was also rescued by SHP099 (Fig. 6f, g), indicating that SHP2 inhibition partially abolished elaiophylin-induced paraptosis, lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy inhibition, and apoptosis in vivo.