The modeling procedures included the use of endothelin-1 to constrict the middle cerebral artery (MCA, n=2 studies), the use of wire plugs to occlude the MCA (n=38 studies), the use of vascular clipping to occlude the MCA (n=1 study), the use of electrocoagulation to block the MCA (n=1 study), and photooxidation to induce cortical and striatal damage and cause ischemic stroke (n=3 studies). This evidence concerns the gene EDN1 and ischemic stroke.