Although many cytokines tested for in this cohort could not be included because too many values were outside the detectable range (e.g., interferon-γ and various interleukins), three that were included (MCP-1, sCD40L, and, to a lesser extent, TNF-α) demonstrated notable associations with numerous early-life enteropathy markers. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and Abnormal intestine morphology.