In particular, concentrations of sCD40L—a proinflammatory cytokine shown to correlate positively with concurrent insulin resistance, BMI, and waist circumference47,48—was strongly associated with lactulose and mannitol in opposite directions but not with z-scores of the lactulose-to-mannitol ratio, the more commonly used way of expressing these markers as an indicator of intestinal absorption and permeability.49 The gene discussed is CD40LG; the disease is Insulin resistance.