HAMP and parasitic infectious disease: Upon Plasmodium blood stage infection, hepcidin expression in the liver is upregulated, which in turn modulates parasitemia, disease outcome, and superinfection (Howard et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2011; Portugal et al., 2011; Spottiswoode et al., 2014), fully supporting clinical studies that found associations of asymptomatic P. falciparum and P. vivax parasitemia with increased hepcidin concentrations and anemia (de Mast et al., 2010; Casals-Pascual et al., 2012).