TNF and anemia (phenotype): Although the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α promote resistance and providing protection against Plasmodium infection (Stevenson et al., 1995; Mohan et al., 1997), high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in serum have also been associated with severe anemia (Yap and Stevenson, 1994; May et al., 2000), cachexia (Cannon et al., 2007; Remels et al., 2010) and pathology of malaria disease (Hunt and Grau, 2003; Vogetseder et al., 2004; Prakash et al., 2006).