MIF and parasitic infectious disease: Moreover, MIF is also involved in the protection of several parasitic infections (Rosado Jde and Rodriguez-Sosa, 2011; Filbey et al., 2019), such as Taenia crassiceps (Rodriguez-Sosa et al., 2003), Toxoplasma gondii (Terrazas et al., 2010), and Trypanosoma cruzi (Fu et al., 2012a).