BDNF and Alzheimer disease: Further, it has been suggested that increases in BDNF, perhaps via engagement of physical activity/exercise (Swardfager et al., 2011; Anderson-Hanley et al., 2012; Huuha et al., 2022) and subsequent reduction of vascular risk factors, promote cognitive resilience by combating these associated consequences of AD (Miranda et al., 2019; Ismail et al., 2020; Mori et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2022).