ESR1 and melanoma: As one of the most studied ST3GAL members, ST3GAL1 is overexpressed in glioblastoma, melanoma, and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, through regulating cancer stemness, metastasis, angiogenesis, and tumor immune evasion (Chong et al., 2016; Pietrobono et al., 2020; Lin et al., 2021).