CCN2 and metabolic disease: Curcumin can also inhibit several inflammatory pathways and modulate obesity-related metabolic diseases by inhibiting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the level of intracellular cholesterol by activation of PPARγ, leading to the suppression of α1 collagen, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-β) receptors, platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGF-β), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-13 (IL-13), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) [16].