MTOR and atherosclerosis: Therefore, PPARs can provide unique beneficial effects on cancer, atherosclerosis, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, reproduction, and inflammation via activation or inhibition of various up/downstream signaling pathways, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Sirtuins, and oxidative and inflammatory responses [1, 2, 4].