TNF and COVID-19: Moreover, COVID-19 patients have an enhanced level of chemokines and cytokines, such as interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [57].