VEGFA and retinal ischemia: Moreover, the upregulation of some proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), leads to retinal ischemia and blood retinal barrier (BRB) impairment (Bucolo and Drago, 2004; Tarr et al., 2013; Duh et al., 2017; Lazzara, 2022; Shukla and Tripathy, 2022).