CD4 and chronic kidney disease: The adaptive immune response of CKD patients is also affected, which is characterized by the increase of CD4+CD28− cells (Lisowska et al., 2012), the decrease of regulatory T (Treg) cells (Lisowska et al., 2012) and immature B cells (Kim et al., 2012), a shift toward the pro-inflammatory Th1 differentiation (Litjens et al., 2006), and the decline of CD4/CD8 T cell ratio (Yoon et al., 2006).