For driver-negative advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients (defined as advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients without known sensitizing EGFR mutations or ALK rearrangements), who progressed after prior platinum-based chemotherapy, anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/L1) immunotherapy becomes the mainstay of the standard-of-care (Guidelines Working Committee of Chinese society of Clinical Oncology, 2021). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.