In recent years, KIM-1 has been utilized as a sensitive indicator for the early detection of renal tubular injury with distinct advantages: in normal renal tissues, it is hardly expressed, however, its expression is significantly increased in mouse models of ischemia-reperfusion injury and drug-induced AKI, and KIM-1 is upregulation primarily in rodent and human S3 segments, where it is inserted into the apical membrane of the proximal tubule and remains in epithelial cells present until recovery (Vaidya et al., 2008). Here, HAVCR1 is linked to acute kidney injury.