TNF and Insulin resistance: Chronic inflammation, involving high serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) concentrations, accompanies large subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes (Winkler et al., 2003), and is associated with insulin resistance and T2D in both humans and rodents (Coppack, 2001; Lumeng and Saltiel, 2011; Wada et al., 2013).