When considering the reported effects of NNS on human health parameters like glucose homeostasis (16, 25), several studies in humans and mouse models report that the depletion of Akkermansia is associated with increased glucose intolerance (116–118) and mechanistic experiments have identified the secretion of a protein, P9, by Akkermansia that induces GLP1 secretion and improves glucose homeostasis in mouse models of obesity and diabetes (119–121). This evidence concerns the gene GCG and Glucose intolerance.