INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Another reason cited for this challenge are high-profile failures in translating findings from animal model of autoimmune disease to humans (67, 68) (some oft cited failures in translation include: oral tolerance with insulin in type 1 diabetes prevention (69), subcutaneous administration of partial agonists to induce antigen-specific T cell tolerance in multiple sclerosis (70–72), the use of interferon gamma (73) and inhibition of TNF-alpha (74, 75) in multiple sclerosis).