TNF and COVID-19: (13) studied patients with asymptomatic COVID-19 and found that patients with LTBI and COVID-19 coinfection had higher production of protective (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ) and regulatory (IL-4, IL-10, IL-25, IL-33) cytokines than patients with COVID-19 alone.