Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the genes regulating the T helper subsets including Th1 (ifnγ, tnfα3), Th17 (il17a/f1b, il17d, il22), and Treg (tgfβ1b, il10a, il10b) were significantly downregulated, whereas Th2 pathway (il4/13a, il4/13b) was significantly upregulated at the later stage of infection (20). Here, IL4 is linked to infection.