AKT1 and lung carcinoma: Lopinavir and ritonavir induce apoptosis in glioma, lung cancer, and other tumor cell lines, likely by downregulating pro-survival factors such as AKT while increasing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial stress (Kast et al., 2016; Okubo et al., 2019; Marima et al., 2020).