CD40LG and infection: In the case of intravenous administration of BCG in rhesus macaques, where six out of 10 of the NHPs were completely protected (with no signs of infection) against M.tb (Darrah et al., 2020), an enhanced anti-lipoarabinomannan (LAM) IgM response was induced and measured in the plasma, which negatively correlated with the burden of M.tb in the lungs (Irvine et al., 2021).