TNF and duodenal ulcer: Recently, Zandeh-Rahimi et al. found that phoenixin-14 could protect indomethacin-induced duodenal ulcer in rats, and phoenixin-14 exhibited a decrease in serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12), malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase activity, and an increase on SOD and catalase activity in duodenal ulcer (Zandeh-Rahimi et al., 2022).