TLR4 and Sepsis: Striking, one of the most important pathways that mediates the balance between injury and repair in the intestine, and that plays a key role in the perpetuation and aggravation of sepsis pathogenesis, was TLR4, which recognized multiple pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens19, specifically lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gram-negative bacteria20.